Cold Spring Harbor Protoc 6:pdb.prot093716 Kohl TO, Ascoli CA (2017) Immunometric antibody Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gan SD, Patel KR (2013) Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cold Spring Harbor Protoc 5:pdb.prot093708 Kohl TO, Ascoli CA (2017) Indirect immunometric ELISA. Cold Spring Harbor Protoc 5:pdb.prot093732 Kohl TO, Ascoli CA (2017) Direct and indirect cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Grange RD, Thompson JP, Lambert DG (2014) Radioimmunoassay, enzyme and non-enzyme-based immunoassays. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J.) 1592:79–94Īlhajj M, Farhana A (2022) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Konstantinou GN (2017) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J.) 32:461–466Īydin S (2015) A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA. Reen DJ (1994) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lequin RM (2005) Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cold Spring Harbor Protoc 7:pdb.top093690 Hornbeck PV (2015) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Hornbeck P, Winston SE, Fuller SA (1991) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Hornbeck P (1992) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Clin Chem 56(2):319–320Įngvall E, Perlmann P (1971) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J.) 42:1–218Įngvall E (2010) The ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Key wordsīutler JE (2000) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This review describes ELISA methodology, the types of ELISA, their advantages and disadvantages, and a listing of some multifaceted applications both in clinical and research settings, including screening for drug use, pregnancy testing, diagnosing disease, detecting biomarkers, blood typing, and detecting SARS-CoV-2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sandwich ELISA technique includes a sample antigen introduced to the antibody-precoated plate, followed by sequential binding of detection and enzyme-linked secondary antibodies to the recognition sites on the antigen. Competitive ELISA involves a competition between the sample antigen and the plate-coated antigen for the primary antibody, followed by the binding of enzyme-linked secondary antibodies. Indirect ELISA introduces enzyme-linked secondary antibodies specific to the primary antibodies bound to the antigen-coated plates. Direct ELISA relies on the binding of the enzyme-conjugated primary antibodies to the antigen-coated plates. ELISA techniques are broadly classified into direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA-all of which vary based on the antigens, antibodies, substrates, and experimental conditions. The presence of the antigen is confirmed through the enzyme-linked antibody catalysis of the added substrate, the products of which are either qualitatively detected by visual inspection or quantitatively using readouts from either a luminometer or a spectrophotometer. The ELISA technique relies on the interaction between the antigen (i.e., the target protein) versus the primary antibody against the antigen of interest. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an immunological assay widely used in basic science research, clinical application studies, and diagnostics.
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